Can Thyroid Dysfunction Lead to Gastrointestinal Issues?

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The Thyroid Gland and Its Functions

The thyroid gland is an essential part of the body located at the base of the neck. It plays a vital role in producing hormones that regulate the rest of the body and maintaining regular homeostasis. The thyroid gland is responsible for taking iodine and turning it into thyroid hormones, which are essential for controlling metabolism.

How Does the Thyroid Work?

The thyroid gland regulates many important processes in the body and is a key part of the endocrine system. It produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones that work together to regulate the speed at which every cell in the body creates and uses its energy. The thyroid gland absorbs iodine from the food we eat and combines it with the amino acid tyrosine to produce these hormones.

The Connection Between the Thyroid and Gut

Since the thyroid is involved in regulating almost every single cell in the body, any issues in the thyroid will have widespread effects all the way across the body, including gastrointestinal problems. Iodine has to be absorbed from the food we eat, which adds another layer of interaction between the gut and the thyroid. Digestive issues can cause dysregulation of thyroid hormones.

Thyroid Disorders and Gastrointestinal Health

Thyroid disorders can affect gastrointestinal health in many ways. Hyperthyroidism can cause problems with gut health, leading to too frequent or loose bowel movements (diarrhea). Hypothyroidism can lead to constipation. Digestive issues can cause bloating and gas, which can indicate issues with the absorption of nutrients in the GI tract. A lack of nutrients can stop the thyroid from working properly, and a lack of thyroid hormones can cause more digestive issues.

Diagnosis and Treatment Options

A physical examination and blood test can help diagnose thyroid disorders. Treatment options include medication or surgery. Managing digestive issues and supporting your gut microbiome can be done through diet modulation, eliminating trigger foods, taking probiotics, or following a low FODMAP diet.

When to See a Doctor

If you have noticed any long-lasting changes to your digestive habits or are rapidly gaining or losing weight without explanation, you should see a doctor. You should also see a doctor if you notice a nodule in your thyroid or have stomach pains.